1989- The Struggle to Create Post-Cold War Europe Page 48

  37. For more on these issues, see Archie Brown, “Perestroika and the End of the Cold War,” Cold War History 7, no. 1 (February 2007): 1–17; Simes, “Losing Russia.” For an insightful discussion on Russians in particular as members of both the elite and the repressed, see Geoffrey Hosking, Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006).

  38. As cited in the introduction, see Odd Arne Westad, “Bernath Lecture: The New International History of the Cold War: Three (Possible) Paradigms,” Diplomatic History 24, no. 4 (Fall 2000): 556–57; Adi Ignatius, “A Tsar is Born,” Time, December 4, 2007, online.

  NOTES TO THE AFTERWORD TO THE NEW EDITION

  1. Although the city of Berlin is now trying to build a “Unity and Freedom Memorial,” it will not be at Bornholmer Street, and numerous delays mean that its completion date is uncertain. For more on this memorial, see Andreas H. Apelt, ed., Der Weg zum Denkmal für Freiheit und Einheit. Schwalbach: Wochenschau Verlag, 2009; and http://www.freiheits-und-einheitsdenkmal.de/.

  2. Mary Elise Sarotte, The Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall (New York: Basic Books, 2014).

  3. It has FOIA Case Number 200802356 and I would be grateful for the advice of readers on how to receive a response to it.

  4. I am grateful to Marc Trachtenberg for a discussion on email about this point.

  5. On the role of NATO expansion in the 2008 war in Georgia, see Ronald D. Asmus, A Little War that Shook the World: Georgia, Russia and the Future of the West. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. The Ukrainian crisis of 2014 is still unfolding as I write this new afterword, but already shows strong parallels to the sequence of events described in Asmus’s book.

  6. Mark Kramer, “The Myth of the No-NATO-Enlargement Pledge to Russia,” Washington Quarterly 32, no. 2 (April 2009): 41.

  7. Cohen, Soviet Fates, 195–196.

  8. I have addressed some of the new evidence in peer-reviewed articles in 2010 and 2011 and they are cited below. For comments on earlier drafts of this afterword, I am grateful to Eric Crahan, William Taubman, Marc Trachtenberg, and my husband.

  9. Genscher quoted in Al Kamen, “West German Meets Privately with Baker,” Washington Post, February 3, 1990. See also “JAB notes from 2/2/90 press briefing following 2 ½ hr meeting w/ FRG FM Genscher, WDC,” folder 14, box 108, 8c monthly files, series 8, BP; Genscher, Erinnerungen, 716–719; and Zelikow and Rice, Germany Unified and Europe Transformed, 174–177.

  10. For more on this issue, see Mary Elise Sarotte, “Not One Inch Eastward? Bush, Baker, Kohl, Genscher, Gorbachev, and the Origin of Russian Resentment toward NATO Enlargement in February 1990,” Diplomatic History, Vol. 34, No. 1 (January 2010): 122–123.

  11. “Ministerbüro, Bonn, den 07.02.1990, Vermerk, Betr.: Gespräch BM mit britischem AM Hurd am 06. Februar 1990,” in ZA 178.927E, Bestand Deutscher Einheit (BDE), Politisches Archiv, Auswärtiges Amt (PA-AA). Full original quotation in German, page 3 of document: “BM [Bundesminister Genscher]: Die Zukunft werde zeigen, welche enorme Bedeutung der KSZE-Prozeß in zwei Aspekten, substantiell und zur Gesichtswahrung der SU [Sowjetunion] haben werde. In einer Situation, in der der WP [Warschauer Pakt] erodiere, werde es für die SU [Sowjetunion] leichter, wenn der KSZE-Prozeß als Auffangnetz bestehe. Der Westen könne vieles tun, um die derzeitigen Entwicklungen für die SU zu erleichtern. Wichtig sei insbesondere die Erklärung, daß die NATO nicht beabsichtige, ihr Territorium nach Osten auszudehnen. Eine solche Erklärung dürfe sich nicht nur auf die DDR beziehen, sondern müsse genereller Art sein. Beispielweise brauche die SU auch die Sicherheit, daß Ungarn beim Regierungswechsel nicht Teil des westlichen Bündnisses werde.”

  12. Ibid, 3–4. See also Mary E. Sarotte, “Diplomatie in der Grauzone,” Süddeutsche Zeitung, November 7–8, 2009, http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/362/493707/text/; and Mary Elise Sarotte, “Enlarging NATO, Expanding Confusion,” New York Times, November 29, 2009.

  13. This itinerary is on the list of trips taken by Baker during his time as Secretary: see http://2001–2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/trvl/ls/13042.htm.

  14. “U.S. Department of State, Office of the Assistant Secretary/Spokesman, Background Briefing by Senior Administration Official, Shannon, Ireland en route Prague, Czechoslovakia,” February 6, 1990, quotation at p. 4. A copy of the transcript of this briefing appears, in English, in the files of the former West German foreign ministry in AV 20.634E, BDE, PA-AA.

  15. For more on the evidence, and the details of Baker’s visit to Moscow in February 1990, see Sarotte, “Not One Inch Eastward?” 119–140; the handwritten notes referred to above are “JAB [James A. Baker] notes from 2/9/90 mtg. w/USSR Pres. Gorbachev, Moscow, USSR,” folder 12, box 176, 12b chapter files, series 12, BP. See also my “Perpetuating U.S. Preeminence: The 1990 Deals to ‘Bribe the Soviets Out’ and Move NATO In,” International Security 35 (July 2010): 110–37; and “China’s Fear of Contagion: Tiananmen Square and the Power of the European Example,” International Security 37 (Fall 2012): 156–82.

  16. “Schreiben des Außenministers Baker an Bundeskanzler Kohl, 10. Februar 1990,” Dok. 173, DESE, 793–94; although the title is in German, the document itself is the original English-language letter from Baker.

  17. “Schreiben des Präsidenten Bush an Bundeskanzler Kohl, 9. Februar 1990,” Dok. 170, DESE, 784–85; although the title is in German, the document itself is the original English-language letter from Bush; see also Sarotte, “Not One Inch Eastward?” 130.

  18. Both the Russian and the West German records from this conversation are available and largely agree with each other. For the German version, see “Gespräch des Bundeskanzlers Kohl mit Generalsekretär Gorbatschow, Moskau, 10. Februar 1990,” Dok. 174, DESE, 795–807; quotation from page 799. See also the discussion in Teltschik, 329 Tage, 137–143.

  19. “Drahterlass, 11.02.1990, Dr. Kastrup, Az.: D2–110–8 111400, Betr.: Gespräch BM mit AM Schewardnadse am 10.02.1990 im Kreml (16.00 bis 18.30 Uhr),” and the immediately following “Fortsetzung,” in ZA178.928E, BDE, PA-AA.

  20. Coverage of this press conference by Craig Whitney can be found in the New York Times, Feb. 11, 1990, http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/11/world/upheaval-in-the-east-soviet-union-kohl-says-moscow-agrees-unity-issue.html?scp=1&sq=KOHL%20SAYS%20MOSCOW%20AGREES%20UNITY%20ISSUE%20&st=cse; and Sarotte, “Not One Inch Eastward?” 131–132.

  21. These developments are described in Sarotte, “Not One Inch Eastward?” 132–135.

  22. Memorandum from Harvey Sicherman to S/P—Dennis Ross, and C—Robert Zoellick, 12 March 1990, in folder 14, box 176, series 12, BP.

  23. Interviews by the author: Baker, Houston, 2009; Ross, Washington, D.C., 2008; Scowcroft, Washington, D.C., 2008; Zelikow, via telephone, 2008; and Zoellick, Brussels, 2008.

  24. Archives Nationales (AN), 5 AG 4 / EG 170, Entretiens officiels, “O 171642Z APR 90m Fm White House, To Elysée Palace, Antenne Spéciale de Transmissions de l’Élysée, Télétype Bleu.” Original in English in the French archives. Emphasis to the repetition of the word “not” added by the author. Although the title is in French, the document itself is the original English-language letter from Bush.

  25. See AN, 5 AG 4 / CDM 36, dossier 2, Reunification allemande, “DRAFT PREPARATORY PAPER: OPTIONS FOR A SETTLEMENT ON GERMANY,” no date, but from context on or around April 17, 1990.

  26. AN, 5 AG 4 / EG 170, Entretiens officiels de François Mitterrand, Loïc Hennekine, Présidence de la République, Le Conseiller Diplomatique, “Paris, le 18 avril 1990, NOTE POUR LE PRESIDENT DE LA REPUBLIQUE, Objet : Les Etats-Unis et la CSCE.”

  27. “Notes from Jim Cicconi [notetaker] re: 7/3/90 pre-NATO Summit briefing at Kennebunkport,” BP.

  28. As described in 1989, 174–175 and 192.

  29. Genscher’s papers suggest that he held on to this opinion longer than Kohl or Baker or Bush; see ZA140.728E and ZA178.928E, BDE, PA-AA, most notably, “Washington, den 5. April 1990, Vermerk, Betr.: Besuch BM in Washington vom 04. bis 06.04.1990, hie
r: Gespräch mit dem Auswärtigen Ausschuß des Senats am 04.04.1990 um 16.00 Uhr.”

  30. Sarotte, “Not One Inch Eastward?”

  31. On Kohl’s failure to bring Genscher to Camp David, see Sarotte, 1989, 126–127.

  32. Memorandum of Conversation, “Meeting with Chancellor Helmut Kohl,” Feb. 24, 1990, GHWBPL, released due to the author’s request, MR-2008–0651 of May 21, 2008. See also Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed, 253. For more on Bush’s motivations generally, see Engel, When the World Seemed New (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, forthcoming).

  33. These remarks are in both the German and English transcripts: see “Gespräch des Bundeskanzlers Kohl mit Präsident Bush, Camp David, 24. Feb. 1990,” Dok. 192, DESE, 868–869; and Memorandum of Conversation, “Meeting with Chancellor Helmut Kohl,” Feb. 24, 1990, GHWBPL, released due to the author’s request, MR-2008–0651 of May 21, 2008; see also Bush and Scowcroft, World Transformed, 253; and, for more on Bush’s motivations generally, see Jeffrey Engel, When the World Seemed New.

  34. Gates, From the Shadows, 492.

  35. “Moscow Embassy Cable,” May 11, 1990, released by the State Department via FOIA and reproduced in the Mershon Conference briefing book.

  36. Stent, Russia and Germany Reborn, 126. See also “Jacques Attali avec Horst Teltschik, 15 mars 1990,” in AN, 5 AG 4, CDM 33. Teltschik told Attali at this meeting that Bush had spoken bluntly to Kohl about NATO’s prerogatives in Europe and his unwillingness to accept restrictions, the American had told the West German, “no nukes, no troops.”

  37. Cited in Hutchings, American Diplomacy, 119; the author is grateful to Robert Hutchings for a copy of the ranked list.

  38. Putin, First Person, 80.

  39. For more on her life and work, see Anna Politkovskaya, Is Journalism Worth Dying For? Final Dispatches, Trans. Arch Tait. New York: Melville House, 2007.

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